Product Liability Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Product Liability Case - Research Paper Example However, she was subsequently diagnosed shoulder chondrolysis that caused her shoulder socket and ball to fuse, severely restricting shoulder motion. As a result, she filed a product liability suit against I-Flow Corp, which manufactured the â€Å"PainBuster† device. In this case, she asserted that the device had not received FDA approval for use in such cases, arguing the product’s manufacturer was liable for the sale of this product despite not giving adequate warning and was, therefore, unreasonably dangerous (Moylan, 2015). There is no mention of the insurance company in the article, which might be explained by the fact the case was initially thrown out and the insurance company was not needed. The Courts of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found that, for medical devices, negligence of instruction was grounds for product liability, stating that this finding was not in contravention of the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 or the underlying intent of the US Congress in making these amendments to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (Moylan, 2015). The suspected reason for Christina’s disorder was a â€Å"pain pump† that her doctors used to directly administer painkillers to her shoulder joint following the surgical procedure. Normally, this device is used to deliver different types of pain medications to the surgery site quickly and directly. However, the procedure involved in using the device has been linked to development of chondrolysis, which is a debilitating condition of the joints. This disorder causes the depletion of cartilage that separates and connects bones and, as a result, the joints become fused and lose all mobility. In majority of cases, the discov ery and diagnosis of this condition happens too late for any effective treatment or cure (Moylan, 2015). Before submitting her product liability case to court, Christina requested the court to instruct the jury on the negligence theory per se.

Gun Control Essay Example for Free

Gun Control Essay Ultius is the trusted provider of academic content solutions for college students around the world. Our online platform connects qualified freelance writers with customers who are looking for rich, custom-written content. We provide essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations and other writing assignments. HomeSearch Research Paper on Gun Control Posted byUltius onSaturday, 16 March 2013 in Sample WorkBuying a Research Paper on Gun Control from UltiusRecently, President Obama and other Democratic members of Congress have strongly pushed for a critical discussion on gun control. Around the country, many teachers and professors are pushing their students to think about this subject and write at length about ways to limit gun violence. By no means are these papers easy to write; due to the emotional ramifications of this issue, writing a paper on gun control must be done in a very professional manner. So buy a research paper on gun control with Ultius and feel at ease knowing your work will be completed by a professional. Before doing that, though, feel free to check out this sample research paper on gun control. It was written in support of President Obama’s policy suggestions, and may be helpful to those of you interested in learning more about this increasingly important subject. Ultius writers are familiar with a wide variety of writing styles and have written argumentative papers for years, so keep in mind that we offer custom written research papers on both sides of every ideological spectrum. Don’t hesitate to contact our sales department to buy a research paper on gun control today! The Second Amendment: A Threat to Civilized People? Gun control has recently created a massive uproar throughout the United States because of the recent, and sincerely unfortunate, Sandy Hook school shooting that occurred last December. In response to this tragedy, Democratic leaders have been attempting to capitalize on the incident and push forward their respective agenda of limiting gun rights. As one can imagine, there are a surfeit of opinions on the subject, but despite this fact, I have come to affirm that I am strong believer in strengthening gun control. Although the right to bear arms should continue to be guaranteed by the Second Amendment, our nation’s need for heightened security in school classrooms and other public places is something that should no longer be ignored. The Gun Problem: Why an Unlimited Right to Bear Arms is Bad Since becoming a staple of American society, guns have been instrumental in altering contemporary warfare. The dangers of these weapons are not a secret; it is simply their mere nature. Some argue that guns were created to protect, while others suggest that they were built to destroy and cause the death of one’s intended target. Frank Zimring, a University of Chicago Law scholar, stated in his piece The University of Chicago Law Review, â€Å"The rate of knife deaths per 100 reported knife attacks was less than 1/5 the rate of gun deaths per 100 reported gun attacks† (Zimring 722). This statistic expresses the sincere lethality of guns compared to other forms of weaponry. One of the main reasons for this data stems from the misuse of guns, which unlike other weapons, can cause death to the user and those around him or her even on accident. If this unfortunate probability can be decreased, how can we stand around as the leader of the free world and let nothing be done? In the American political system, gun control has been a debate for many years; however, recent shootings have forced it into a large spotlight. The problem that splits gun control proponents from their opposition is the language of the second amendment of the constitution. The founding fathers of this nation believed that, â€Å"A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed† (U. S. Constitution). This multifaceted sentence from the Bill of Rights brings many quarrels to life with its simple diction. It is very open to interpretation, which is what causes both sides of the debate to have â€Å"legal stances† on the matter. The National Rifle Association (NRA), which is the nation’s largest gun advocacy organization, is led by the philosophy that it, â€Å"[hosts] a wide range of firearms-related public interest activities of the National Rifle Association of America and other organizations that defend and foster the Second Amendment rights of all law-abiding Americans. † What gun advocates in the NRA often fail to understand, however, is the conscionable limits to the Second Amendment. As 27-year serving Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia stated in the majority opinion of the District of Columbia V.  Heller decision, â€Å"like most rights, the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited† (Scalia). This lead Scalia to also state that, â€Å"it is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose. † These sanctions are legal proof that the second amendment allows for the government to regulate the distribution , ownership, and use of weapons. On top of that, Scalia, regarded as the most conservative justice, clearly highlights that gun control is useful and at times necessary.

The Red Badge of Courage :: essays research papers

Unique in style and content, the novel explores the emotions of a young Civil War recruit named Henry Fleming. What is most remarkable about this classic is that the twenty-four-year-old author had never witnessed war in his life before writing this book. Crane's story developed to some degree out of his reading of war stories by Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy and the popular memoirs of Civil War veterans, yet he also deviated from these influences in his depiction of war's horror. Critics have noted that his portrait of war is an intensely psychological one, blending elements of naturalism, impressionism, and symbolism. Indeed, he broke away from his American realist contemporaries, including his mentor William Dean Howells, in his naturalistic treatment of man as an amoral creature in a deterministic world. For this reason, critical reactions to the The Red Badge of Courage in 1895 were mixed: some disapproved of Crane's use of the vernacularà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ the common slang of everyday folk and soldiersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ and the impressionistic technique. Crane also experimented with psychological realism, and his venture into the realm of the human psyche radically changed the common perception of the novel in America. As he faces combat for the first time, Henry experiences an intense array of emotions: courage, anxiety, self-confidence, fear, and egotistic zeal. Interestingly enough, the naturalistic flavor of the work operates against this serf-important ego. The individual is not of primary importance, as is evidenced time and again in the words of Henry's mother, fellow soldiers, and officers. Henry is often referred to quite impersonally as "the youth." The men, untried and untested, are treated like scared animals against the backdrop of inimitable Nature and War. Cra ne also used color imagery, both vibrant and subtle, to describe war. He describes a skirmish as sounding like a "crimson roar," for example, and writes of war as "the red animal." Crane's sense of color pervades the work; note his description of the sky, which remains "fairy blue" during the day, as if to underscore the indifference of nature to the carnage taking place.

Comparative Study of Ipil-Ipil and Kakawate Leaves

A. Background of the Study Being a third world country, the Philippines should be able to find ways which are economical and environment – friendly through means of agricultural marketing to increase the nation’s income. Poultry is one of the main products being marketed since this is one of the main sources of protein aside from fish. The native chickens are also the most being raised in poultry farms for they take the least time to hatch eggs (21 days). The native hen lays eggs day after day until no eggs remain within her and start to incubate them on the last day of laying. This is not included in the 21 day incubation process meaning it will take a longer time before the eggs will be able to hatch. In hatching chicken eggs, there are certain factors that affect the development of the embryo such as the handling, the room temperature, the incubator temperature, the humidity and the ventilation. To save more time and energy, we would use improvised incubators wherein all the eggs being laid on the same day would be incubated immediately. Incubators are apparatuses in which environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, can be controlled, and often used for growing bacterial cultures, hatching eggs artificially. In this case, we would use wooden boxes as incubators since wood is a natural insulator that traps the heat inside because of its .B. Statement of the Problem In the Philippines, we mainly use poultry as a source of food which is rich in protein. The hens lay eggs in a successive pattern wherein they are laid day after day. And the hens will not incubate the egg until the said pattern of laying eggs is done. In other cases, there are no other broody hens at the same time thus, taking more time before starting incubation. To speed up the incubation process, the eggs laid on a certain day will be gathered into a hatching box and will be hatched from another source of heat which is required for the incubation processs.The resea rchers found out that decomposing leaves that were rich in nitrogen content, crude fiber and crude protein, release a great amount of heat which is also applicable in the angiogenesis of chicken embryo. The major problem is determining if ipil – ipil leaves (Leucaenaleucocephala) can be an effective regulator as kakawate leaves(Gliricidiasepium) are in the angiogenesis of chicken embryo after conducting the comparative study.C. Significance of the Study The significance of this study is to gather data on the effectiveness of both leaves for angiogenesis. Knowing which leaves are effective will lead to application throughout the nation and so, causing more reproduction of chicks, which are then used to reproduce into greater numbers in a shorter span of time which will help the country's economy since these poultry are in demand.D. Scope and Limitations The study covers the effectiveness of both leaves for angiogenesis of chicken embryo. The researchers will also study which l eaves can simulate faster angiogenesis for chicken embryo by taking the weights of each egg in each cubicle before and after putting it in the hatching box and by taking the air temperature of the box with the tip of the thermometer bulb just below the tip top of the eggs. The researchers limited this research to the angiogenesis of chicken embryo only, which means from the newly laid eggs up to 5 days.E. Definition of Terms Air cell – a pocket of air located in the large end of the egg, between the membrane and shell Angiogenesis– n.the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels. Candling–n. the examination of the contents of the eggs using a shielded light in a darkened area Crude protein – n. a mixture of true protein and nonprotein nitrogen in a food; indicates the capacity of a feed to meet an animal's protein need Crude fiber – n. the chiefly cellulose material obtained as a residue in the chemical an alysis of vegetable substance Humidity– n. the amount of water vapors in the airIncubator – n. an apparatus in which environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, can be controlled, often used for growing bacterial cultures, hatching eggs artificially, or providing suitable conditions for a chemical or biological reaction Incubation–n. the maintenance of eggs, organisms, or living tissue at optimal environmental conditions for growth and development Poultry – n. domestic fowls, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, or geese, raised for meat or eggsChapter II Review of Related Literature AngiogenesisAngiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels. This is distinct from vasculogenesis, which is the de novo formation of endothelial cells from mesoderm cell precursors. The first vessels in the developing embryo form through vasculogenesis, after which angiogenesis is responsible for most, if n ot all, blood vessel growth during development and in disease. GliricidiasepiumGliricidiasepium is also used for its medicinal and insect repellent properties. Farmers in Latin America often wash their livestock with a paste made of crushed G. sepium leaves to ward off torsalos. In the Philippines, the extract obtained from its leaves is used to remove external parasites.Integrin Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate the attachment between a cell and its surroundings, such as other cells or the extracellular matrix (ECM). In signal transduction, integrins pass information about the chemical composition and mechanical status of the ECM into the cell. Therefore, in  addition to transmitting mechanical forces across otherwise vulnerable membranes, they are involved in cell signaling and the regulation of cell cycle, shape, and motility. LeucaenaleucocephalaLeucaenaleucocephala is a small, fast-growing mimosoid tree native to southern Mexico and northern Central America ( Belize and Guatemala), but is now naturalized throughout the tropics. Common names include white leadtree, jumbay, and white popinac. The specific name is derived from the Greek words ÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃâ€¦ÃŽ ºÃÅ', meaning â€Å"white†, and ÃŽ ºÃŽ ­Ãâ€ ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š, meaning â€Å"head†, referring to its flowers. It is known as Subabool in India. L. leucocephala is used for a variety of purposes, such as firewood, fiber and livestock fodder.TanninTannin (also known as vegetable tannin, natural organic tannins or sometimes tannoid, i.e. a type of biomolecule, as opposed to modern synthetic tannin) is an astringent, bitter plant polyphenolic compound that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.

Microcontroller Based Bidirectional Visitor Counter

ConstruCtion Microcontroller-bAsed bidirectionAl Visitor counter UMAR SUNIL K ? AkshAy MAthur, kuldeep singh nAglA V isitor counting is simply a measurement of the visitor traffic entering and exiting offices, malls, sports venues, etc. Counting the visitors helps to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of employees, floor area and sales potential of an organisation.Visitor counting is not limited to Semiconductors: IC1 – LM324 quad op-amp IC2 – 74LS76 J-K flip-flop IC3 – AT89C52 microcontroller IC4 – 7805 5V regulator T1, T2 – L14F1 npn phototransistor T3, T4 – 2N3904 npn transistor IR TX1, IR TX2 – IR transmitting LED BR1 – 1A bridge rectifier DIS1-DIS3 – LTS543 CC 7-segment display Resistors (all ? -watt,  ±5% carbon): R1, R2 – 68-ohm R3, R4 – 6. 8-kilo-ohm R5, R6 – 100-ohm R7, R8, R10, R11 – 10-kilo-ohm R9 – 4. 7-kilo-ohm R12-R32 – 220-ohm VR1, VR2 – 20-kilo-ohm preset RNW1 – 10-kilo-ohm resistor network Capacitors: C1, C2 C3, C4 C5 C6 C7 Miscellaneous: XTAL X1 S1 S2 – 0.  µF ceramic disk – 33pF ceramic disk – 10 µF, 16V electrolytic – 470 µF, 25V electrolytic – 0. 1 µF ceramic disk – 12MHz crystal – 230V primary to 7. 5V, 250mA secondary transformer – Push-to-on switch – On/off switch Fig. 1: Transmitter-receiver set-up at the entrance-cum-exit of the passage Parts List the entry/exit point of a company but has a wide range of applications that provide information to management on the volume and flow of people throughout a location. A primary method for counting the visitors involves hiring human auditors to stand and manually tally the number of visitors who pass by a certain location.But human-based data collection comes at great expense. Here is a low-cost microcontrollerbased visitor counter that can be used to know the number of persons at a place. All the c omponents required are readily available in the market and the circuit is easy to build. Two IR transmitter-receiver pairs are used at the passage: one pair comprising IR transmitter IR TX1 and receiver phototransistor T1 is installed at the entry point of the passage, while the other pair comprising IR transmitter IR TX2 and phototransistor T2 is installed at the exit of the passage.The IR signals from the IR LEDs should continuously fall on the respective phototransistors, so proper orientation of the transmitters and phototransistors is necessary. circuit description Fig. 1 shows the transmitter-receiver set-up at the entrance-cum-exit of the passage along with block diagram. Two similar sections detect interruption of the IR beam and generate clock pulse for the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls counting and displays the number of persons present inside the hall. Fig. 2 shows the circuit of the microcontroller-based visitor counter, wherein the transmitter and the re ceiver form the IR detection circuit.Control logic is built around transistors, operational amplifier LM324 (IC1) and flip-flop (IC2). When nobody is passing through the entry/exit point, the IR beam continuously falls on phototransistor T1. Phototransistor T1 conducts and the high voltage at its emitter drives transistor T3 into saturation, which makes pin 3 of comparator N1 low and finally output pin 1 of comparator N1 is high. Now if someone enters the place, first the IR beam from IR TX1 is interrupted and then the IR beam from IR TX2. When the beam from IR TX1 is interrupted, phototransistor T1 and transistor T3 cut-off and pin 3 of comparator N1 goes high.The low output (pin 1) of comparator N1 provides negative trigger pulse to pin 1 of J-K flip-flop IC2(A). At this moment, the high input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ w w w. e f y m ag . co m 7 8 †¢ J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 †¢ e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u ConstruCtion w w w. e f y m ag . co m e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u †¢ J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 †¢ 7 9 Fig. 2: Circuit of the microcontroller-based visitor counter ConstruCtion Fig. 3: Power supply circuit pins of flip-flop IC2(A) toggles its output to low. On the other hand, the low input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of IC2(B) due to Fig. : Pin clock pin 1 of configuration of L14F1 and IC2(A) and ‘J’ intransistor 2N3904 put (pin 9) and ‘K’ input (pin 12) of IC2(B) are connected to pin 1 of comparator N1. The negative-going pulse is applied to clock pin 6 of IC2(B) when the person interrupts the IR beam from IR TX2. There is no change in the output of IC2(B) flip-flop. This triggers the external interrupt INT0 (pin 12) of microcontroller AT89C52. The AT89C52 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 8 kB of flash-based program memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 input/output lines, three 16-bit timers/counters, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.A 12MHz crystal is used for providing clock. Ports 0, 1 and 2 are configured for 7-segment displays. Port-0 pin is externally pulled up with 10-kilo-ohm resistor network RNW1 because port0 is an 8-bit, open-drain, bidirectional, input/output (I/O) port. Port-1 and port-2 are 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports with internal pull-ups (no need of external pull-ups). Port pins 3. 0 and 3. 1 are configured to provide the set pulse to J-K flip-flops IC2(A) and IC2(B), respectively. External interrupts INT0 and INT1 receive the interrupt pulse when the person interrupts the IR beams.Resistor R9 and capacitor C5 provide power-on-reset pulse to the microcontroller. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. When the microcontroller is re- set, the flip-flops are brought in ‘set’ state through the microcontroller at software run time by making their ‘set’ pin high for a moment. The value of the counter increments by Fig. 5: An actual-size, single-side PCB for the microcontroller-based visitor ‘1’ when the counter (F ig. 2) including its power supply (Fig. 3) interrupt service routine for INT0 is executed.The output of the corresponding J-K flip-flop is set to ‘high’ again by making its ‘set’ input pin low through the microcontroller. The micro-controller is configured as a negative-edgetriggered interrupt sensor. Similarly, if somebody exits the place, first the IR beam from IR TX2 is interrupted and then the IR beam from IR TX1. When Fig. 6: Component layout for the PCB the beam from IR TX2 is interrupted, output pin provides clock pulse to pin 6 of J-K 7 of comparator N2 goes low. This flip-flop IC2(B). w w w. e f y m ag . co m 8 0 †¢ J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 †¢ e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u ConstruCtionAt this moment, the high input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of flip-flop IC2(B) toggles its output to low. On the other hand, the low input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of IC2(A) due to clock pin 6 of IC2(B) and ‘Jâ€℠¢ input (pin 4) and ‘K’ input (pin 16) of IC2(A) are connected to pin 7 of comparator N2. The negative-going pulse is applied to clock pin 1 of IC2(A) when the person interrupts the IR beam from IR TX1. There is no change in the output of IC2(A) flip-flop. This triggers the external interrupt INT1 (pin 13) of microcontroller AT89C52. The value of the counter decrements by ‘1’ when interrupt service routine for INT1 is executed.The output of the corresponding J-K flip-flop is set to ‘high’ again by making its ‘set’ input pin low through the microcontroller. The circuit is powered by regulated 5V. Fig. 3 shows the circuit of the power supply. The AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver secondary output of 7. 5V, 250mA, which is rectified by bridge rectifier BR1, filtered by capacitor C6 and regulated by IC 7805 (IC4). Capacitor C7 bypasses any ripple in the regulated output. 3) is shown in Fig. 5 and its component layou t in Fig. 6. software The software for the visitor counter is written in ‘C’ language and compiled using C51 Keil compiler.The demo version of this compiler is available for free on the website ‘www. keil. com. ’ It can compile programs up to 2 kB only, which is sufficient for writing most programs. EFY note. The source code and other relevant files of this article have been included in this month’s EFY-CD. construction An actual-size, single-side PCB for the microcontroller-based visitor counter (Fig. 2) including its power supply (Fig. visitor. c #include int i=0,j,k,l,m,a[]={63,6,91,79,102,109,125,7,127,111}; void enter (void) interrupt 0 { i++; if(i>999) i=999; P3_1=0; for(m=0;m Microcontroller Based Bidirectional Visitor Counter ConstruCtion Microcontroller-bAsed bidirectionAl Visitor counter UMAR SUNIL K ? AkshAy MAthur, kuldeep singh nAglA V isitor counting is simply a measurement of the visitor traffic entering and exiting offices, malls, sports venues, etc. Counting the visitors helps to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of employees, floor area and sales potential of an organisation.Visitor counting is not limited to Semiconductors: IC1 – LM324 quad op-amp IC2 – 74LS76 J-K flip-flop IC3 – AT89C52 microcontroller IC4 – 7805 5V regulator T1, T2 – L14F1 npn phototransistor T3, T4 – 2N3904 npn transistor IR TX1, IR TX2 – IR transmitting LED BR1 – 1A bridge rectifier DIS1-DIS3 – LTS543 CC 7-segment display Resistors (all ? -watt,  ±5% carbon): R1, R2 – 68-ohm R3, R4 – 6. 8-kilo-ohm R5, R6 – 100-ohm R7, R8, R10, R11 – 10-kilo-ohm R9 – 4. 7-kilo-ohm R12-R32 – 220-ohm VR1, VR2 – 20-kilo-ohm preset RNW1 – 10-kilo-ohm resistor network Capacitors: C1, C2 C3, C4 C5 C6 C7 Miscellaneous: XTAL X1 S1 S2 – 0.  µF ceramic disk – 33pF ceramic disk – 10 µF, 16V electrolytic – 470 µF, 25V electrolytic – 0. 1 µF ceramic disk – 12MHz crystal – 230V primary to 7. 5V, 250mA secondary transformer – Push-to-on switch – On/off switch Fig. 1: Transmitter-receiver set-up at the entrance-cum-exit of the passage Parts List the entry/exit point of a company but has a wide range of applications that provide information to management on the volume and flow of people throughout a location. A primary method for counting the visitors involves hiring human auditors to stand and manually tally the number of visitors who pass by a certain location.But human-based data collection comes at great expense. Here is a low-cost microcontrollerbased visitor counter that can be used to know the number of persons at a place. All the c omponents required are readily available in the market and the circuit is easy to build. Two IR transmitter-receiver pairs are used at the passage: one pair comprising IR transmitter IR TX1 and receiver phototransistor T1 is installed at the entry point of the passage, while the other pair comprising IR transmitter IR TX2 and phototransistor T2 is installed at the exit of the passage.The IR signals from the IR LEDs should continuously fall on the respective phototransistors, so proper orientation of the transmitters and phototransistors is necessary. circuit description Fig. 1 shows the transmitter-receiver set-up at the entrance-cum-exit of the passage along with block diagram. Two similar sections detect interruption of the IR beam and generate clock pulse for the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls counting and displays the number of persons present inside the hall. Fig. 2 shows the circuit of the microcontroller-based visitor counter, wherein the transmitter and the re ceiver form the IR detection circuit.Control logic is built around transistors, operational amplifier LM324 (IC1) and flip-flop (IC2). When nobody is passing through the entry/exit point, the IR beam continuously falls on phototransistor T1. Phototransistor T1 conducts and the high voltage at its emitter drives transistor T3 into saturation, which makes pin 3 of comparator N1 low and finally output pin 1 of comparator N1 is high. Now if someone enters the place, first the IR beam from IR TX1 is interrupted and then the IR beam from IR TX2. When the beam from IR TX1 is interrupted, phototransistor T1 and transistor T3 cut-off and pin 3 of comparator N1 goes high.The low output (pin 1) of comparator N1 provides negative trigger pulse to pin 1 of J-K flip-flop IC2(A). At this moment, the high input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ w w w. e f y m ag . co m 7 8 †¢ J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 †¢ e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u ConstruCtion w w w. e f y m ag . co m e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u †¢ J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 †¢ 7 9 Fig. 2: Circuit of the microcontroller-based visitor counter ConstruCtion Fig. 3: Power supply circuit pins of flip-flop IC2(A) toggles its output to low. On the other hand, the low input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of IC2(B) due to Fig. : Pin clock pin 1 of configuration of L14F1 and IC2(A) and ‘J’ intransistor 2N3904 put (pin 9) and ‘K’ input (pin 12) of IC2(B) are connected to pin 1 of comparator N1. The negative-going pulse is applied to clock pin 6 of IC2(B) when the person interrupts the IR beam from IR TX2. There is no change in the output of IC2(B) flip-flop. This triggers the external interrupt INT0 (pin 12) of microcontroller AT89C52. The AT89C52 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 8 kB of flash-based program memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 input/output lines, three 16-bit timers/counters, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.A 12MHz crystal is used for providing clock. Ports 0, 1 and 2 are configured for 7-segment displays. Port-0 pin is externally pulled up with 10-kilo-ohm resistor network RNW1 because port0 is an 8-bit, open-drain, bidirectional, input/output (I/O) port. Port-1 and port-2 are 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports with internal pull-ups (no need of external pull-ups). Port pins 3. 0 and 3. 1 are configured to provide the set pulse to J-K flip-flops IC2(A) and IC2(B), respectively. External interrupts INT0 and INT1 receive the interrupt pulse when the person interrupts the IR beams.Resistor R9 and capacitor C5 provide power-on-reset pulse to the microcontroller. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. When the microcontroller is re- set, the flip-flops are brought in ‘set’ state through the microcontroller at software run time by making their ‘set’ pin high for a moment. The value of the counter increments by Fig. 5: An actual-size, single-side PCB for the microcontroller-based visitor ‘1’ when the counter (F ig. 2) including its power supply (Fig. 3) interrupt service routine for INT0 is executed.The output of the corresponding J-K flip-flop is set to ‘high’ again by making its ‘set’ input pin low through the microcontroller. The micro-controller is configured as a negative-edgetriggered interrupt sensor. Similarly, if somebody exits the place, first the IR beam from IR TX2 is interrupted and then the IR beam from IR TX1. When Fig. 6: Component layout for the PCB the beam from IR TX2 is interrupted, output pin provides clock pulse to pin 6 of J-K 7 of comparator N2 goes low. This flip-flop IC2(B). w w w. e f y m ag . co m 8 0 †¢ J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 †¢ e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u ConstruCtionAt this moment, the high input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of flip-flop IC2(B) toggles its output to low. On the other hand, the low input at ‘J’ and ‘K’ pins of IC2(A) due to clock pin 6 of IC2(B) and ‘Jâ€℠¢ input (pin 4) and ‘K’ input (pin 16) of IC2(A) are connected to pin 7 of comparator N2. The negative-going pulse is applied to clock pin 1 of IC2(A) when the person interrupts the IR beam from IR TX1. There is no change in the output of IC2(A) flip-flop. This triggers the external interrupt INT1 (pin 13) of microcontroller AT89C52. The value of the counter decrements by ‘1’ when interrupt service routine for INT1 is executed.The output of the corresponding J-K flip-flop is set to ‘high’ again by making its ‘set’ input pin low through the microcontroller. The circuit is powered by regulated 5V. Fig. 3 shows the circuit of the power supply. The AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver secondary output of 7. 5V, 250mA, which is rectified by bridge rectifier BR1, filtered by capacitor C6 and regulated by IC 7805 (IC4). Capacitor C7 bypasses any ripple in the regulated output. 3) is shown in Fig. 5 and its component layou t in Fig. 6. software The software for the visitor counter is written in ‘C’ language and compiled using C51 Keil compiler.The demo version of this compiler is available for free on the website ‘www. keil. com. ’ It can compile programs up to 2 kB only, which is sufficient for writing most programs. EFY note. The source code and other relevant files of this article have been included in this month’s EFY-CD. construction An actual-size, single-side PCB for the microcontroller-based visitor counter (Fig. 2) including its power supply (Fig. visitor. c #include int i=0,j,k,l,m,a[]={63,6,91,79,102,109,125,7,127,111}; void enter (void) interrupt 0 { i++; if(i>999) i=999; P3_1=0; for(m=0;m

The Easy Trick to Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit

The Easy Trick to Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In every science class, you must know how to use and interpret the Celsius temperature scale. But this can be difficult for students who are used to using Fahrenheit instead. How do you convert Celsius to Fahrenheit? What about Fahrenheit to Celsius? We answer these questions below, giving you the mathematical formulas for converting between these two temperature units, a handy conversion chart, and a quick conversion trick you can use without having to grab a calculator. Celsius vs Fahrenheit: Key Differences Before we explain how to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (and Fahrenheit to Celsius), let’s review the main differences between the two temperature scales. Celsius (written as  °C and also called Centigrade) is the most common temperature scale in the world, used by all but five countries. It’s part of the International System of Units (SI), or what you might know as the metric system, which is typically used in science classes (think centimeters, meters, kilograms, milliliters, etc.) and in science as a whole. By contrast, Fahrenheit (written as  °F) is only used officially by five countries in the world: United States Belize Cayman Islands Palau Bahamas Fahrenheit is not part of the metric system; rather, it’s part of the Imperial system, which includes forms of measurements such as inches, feet, pounds, gallons, etc. Moreover, unlike Celsius, it is not typically used in science. Celsius to Fahrenheit Formula Unfortunately, converting from Celsius to Fahrenheit isn’t easy to do quickly or in your head. Here are the formulas used to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit and Fahrenheit to Celsius. These formulas will give you the exact conversion from one unit of temperature to the other: Celsius to Fahrenheit Formula: ( °C * 1.8) + 32 =  °F Fahrenheit to Celsius Formula: ( °F - 32) / 1.8 =  °C For example, say the temperature outside is 18  °C and you want to know what this would equal in Fahrenheit. Here’s how your equation would look once you plug in 18 for  °C: (18 * 1.8) + 32(32.4) + 32=64.4  °F Here’s another example if you want to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: say you’re feeling ill and your body temperature is 101.3  °F. To find out what this equals in Celsius, simply plug 101.3 into the  °F part in the second equation written above: (101.3 - 32) / 1.8 (69.3) / 1.8=38.5  °C As you can see, these conversions aren’t particularly hard to carry out, but they do take some time and aren’t the easiest to do without a calculator on hand. Luckily, there’s a shortcut. By memorizing some of the most common temperatures that come up in daily life, you should have no problem being able to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa. We’ll take a look at how to do this next. It's gettin' hot in here. Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Chart Below is a conversion chart listing some of the most commonly used temperatures in everyday life when converting from Celsius to Fahrenheit. Memorize these and you’re sure to have an easier time converting from Celsius to Fahrenheit (and vice versa) fast. Note: I’ve bolded all temperatures that don’t apply to weather but are still important to know, especially for science class. Temperature in Celsius ( °C) Temperature in Fahrenheit ( °F) Boiling Point of Water 100 212 Extremely Hot Day 40 104 Body Temperature 37 98.6 Hot Day 30 86 Room Temperature 20 68 Chilly Day 10 50 Freezing Point of Water 0 32 Very Cold Day -10 14 Extremely Cold Day -20 -4 Parity* -40 -40 Source: NIST.gov *The point at which the two temperature units are equivalent (-40  °C = -40  °F). As you can see from this chart, Fahrenheit temperatures are typically a lot higher than their equivalent Celsius temperatures are. Also, notice how the difference between Celsius and Fahrenheit starts to get smaller the lower you go in temperature- until, that is, they're the exact same! As the chart indicates, -40  °C is the same temperature as -40  °F. This point is called parity, meaning the two scales use the same value to represent the same temperature. Unfortunately (or fortunately, since this is pretty cold!), you likely won’t come across this temperature in your daily life. Note that parity only happens at -40 °. The lower you go after parity (i.e., the further you go into the negatives), the bigger the difference starts to become again between Celsius and Fahrenheit. How to Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: Quick Trick If you find yourself needing to quickly convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, here is a simple trick you can use: multiply the temperature in degrees Celsius by 2, and then add 30 to get the (estimated) temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. This rule of thumb is really useful and also pretty accurate for most weather-related temperatures. For example, if the temperature outside is 15  °C, this would come out to around 60  °F: (15 * 2) + 30(30) + 30= 60  °F (In reality, 15  °C is equivalent to 59  °F- that’s pretty close!) Of course, expect the actual temperature to be a few degrees off, but for the most part, this is a reliable and easy way to convert temperatures in your head fast. If you want to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, do the opposite: subtract 30 from the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, and then divide by 2 to get the temperature in degrees Celsius. For example, if the temperature outside is 84  °F, this would be roughly equal to 27  °C: (84 - 30) / 254 / 2= 27  °C (In reality, 84  °F is equivalent to 28.89  °C- again, that’s a pretty close estimate!). What’s Next? Are you studying clouds in your science class? Get help identifying the different types of clouds with our expert guide. Now that you know how to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, the next question to answer is what kinds of spiders live in what sorts of climates? Learn more with our articles about camel spider myths and reasons not to fear the garden spider. Want even more practice with conversions? (Who wouldn't?) Learn how many cups 4 quarts is here. Working on a research paper but aren't sure where to start? Then check out our guide, where we've collected tons of high-quality research topics you can use for free. Need help with English class- specifically with identifying literary devices in texts you read? Then you'll definitely want to take a look at our comprehensive explanation of the most important literary devices and how they're used. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Sauders 2003 Essay Example

Sauders 2003 Essay Example Sauders 2003 Essay Sauders 2003 Essay Saunders et al. 2003, p. 83 -The Research Process â€Å"Onion† Having defined the research question and the overall research design for this study, the next step is to discuss the design in more detail: the research philosophy, the research approach and research strategies used. Much literature is available on research philosophies, approaches and strategies. Saunders et al. (2003) define the socalled research process ‘onion’, consisting of five different layers, as in Figure 2-3. Part 2 As approaches in the different layers have dependencies, they suggest a research design should be developed from the top down, starting with the outside layer [adopting a research RESEARCH DESIGN philosophy] and thereafter peeling away each layer until the fifth layer is reached [defining data collection methods]. This approach, also suggested by Remenyi et al. (2000), is used in this study. Part 3 A positivistic philosophy aims at the derivation of laws or law-like gen eralizations similar to those in the physical and natural sciences (Remenyi et al. 000, p. 32). Quantitative research allows researchers to familiarize themselves with the problem or concept to be studied. The emphasis is on facts and causes of behaviour (Bogdan and Biklen 1988), with the information in the form of numbers that can be quantified, and summarized using a mathematical process for analysing the numeric data and expressing the final result in statistical terminology (Charles 1995). Part 4 The realistic philosophy shares two features with a positivism philosophy: a belief that the natural and the social sciences should apply the same kinds of approach to the collection of data and to explanation, and a commitment to the view that there is an external reality to which scientist direct their attention (Bryman 2001). Saunders et al. 2003, p. 83 The Research Process â€Å"Onion†

Ingls Bsico - Formas Comparativas en Ingls

Ingls Bsico - Formas Comparativas en Ingls Nosotros usamos la forma comparativa y superlativa para comparar y contrastar diferentes objetos en inglà ©s. Use la forma comparativa para mostrar la diferencia entre dos objetos. Ejemplos: New York is more exciting than Seattle. Use la forma superlativa cuando se refiera a tres o ms objetos para mostrar cul objeto est sobre todo lo dems en algo. Ejemplos: New York is the most exciting city in the USA. A continuacià ³n se muestra cà ³mo construir la forma comparativa en inglà ©s. Observe en las oraciones de ejemplo que usamos than para comparar dos objetos: Adjetivos de Una Sà ­laba Agregue -er al final del adjetivo (Nota: duplique la consonante final si es precedida por una vocal) remueva la y del adjetivo y aà ±ada ier Ejemplos: cheap - cheaper / hot - hotter / high - higher Ejemplos: Yesterday was hotter than today.This book is cheaper than that book. Adjetivos de Dos Sà ­labas Terminados en -y Ejemplos: happy - happier / funny - funnier Ejemplos: I am happier than you.That joke was funnier than his joke. Adjetivos de Dos, Tres o Ms Sà ­labas Ponga more antes del adjetivo. Ejemplos: interesting - more interesting / difficult - more difficult Ejemplos: London is more expensive than Madrid.This test is more difficult than the last test. EXCEPCIONES IMPORTANTES Existen algunas excepciones importantes a estas reglas. A continuacià ³n hay dos de las excepciones ms importantes: good good - adjective better - comparative Ejemplos: This book is better than that one.I am better at tennis than my sister. bad bad - adjective worse - comparative Ejemplos: His French is worse than mine.His singing is worse than Toms. Pruebe su conocimiento con esta breve prueba.

Business Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Taxation - Essay Example is legally used to the tax payers advantage to reduce the amount of tax that is to be paid to the government but this is all done while staying within the boundaries of law, just the tax regime is manipulated in a manner so as to reduce the amount of tax. The difference between evasion and avoidance as highlighted above is that evasion is something which is outside the boundaries of law and can be punished by law if the evidence for tax evasion is found out by the tax authorities of the country but tax avoidance is something which is done within the prescribed boundaries of the law and the tax regime and is not punishable by the law of the country, the difference can be slight but it could lead to severe consequences, for example in countries like the USA tax evasion is a serious matter and could lead to imprisonment if evidence is found of tax evasion against a company or a person. The canons of taxation were developed by Adam Smith and are still widely regarded as the best parameter to judge the effectiveness of a tax regime in a country. It is a set of rules to judge whether the tax regime is a good one or not or if any changes need to be made to the tax regime, it also helps identify in which areas the changes have to be made. 2) The timing and the amount of the taxes that a payer has to make must be certain to him and they should be known well before the payment time so that gives him adequate time to calculate and make arrangements for the payments. The canons of taxes have provided the guidelines for any government to follow and develop a fair and a convenient tax regime and tax collection and implement it with the point of view of being convenient to the tax

About physical therapy Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About physical therapy - Personal Statement Example My father gave me a simple reply, â€Å"Because they need it.† My father was never a man of many words so I knew that I needed to seek the answer to my question from my cousin. His reply was to set the career path that I would eventually follow. He explained to me that the people in the clinic had all been physically injured either by playing sports, a work accident, or just a stroke of bad luck. Their injury damaged their body physically so they could not move like a normal person would. Pointing out the others who had their arms in slings or casts, and some people with amputated arms, he told me that â€Å"They all need help in learning how to move like a normal person. That is what I help them with.† Since we had time to spare before having to leave, I intently watched my cousin do his job. Trying to understand what exactly it was that he was trying to do for these people. When I asked him what he called what he was doing to them, he responded â€Å"Physical therapy†. I told myself that I would remember those two words because I wanted to be like my cousin when I grew up. So while I spent my time being a voracious reader, I made sure to read as many books as i could about the foundation of a physical therapists career aside from many other book genres that I liked to read. I made sure to spend as much free time as I could throughout my high school years observing my cousin in his workplace. Learning as much as I could and asking as many questions that I could about what he was doing to the patients. I will always be grateful to him for never tiring of answering the thousand and one questions that I kept asking him. I became such a regular fixture at his clinic that even the patients already knew me by name and some even considered me a friend already. When I was not observing at the physical therapy clinic, I spent whatever time I could doing volunteer work for the needy and less fortunate in my city. One of the places that I volunteered at

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business management - Essay Example Business management It is argued that the supply chain standards are not fixed at a uniform level or universal conditions cannot be established. Several factors should be taken into consideration while implementing a supply chain implementation or improvement plan. Factors contributing to the effective development of supply chain management are many and varied, which include: - Design and Planning Services: The company offers Design and Planning Services in order to eke the customers in order to develop efficient and ever ready data availability, layered network which supports the customer in reaching new markets and improve performance. - Operations Services: " Managed Network Operations, IT Professional Services, Technical Information Products/Services, and a comprehensive Network Support Program, ensure comprehensive operational, troubleshooting, and maintenance support that keeps your network running smoothly and ensures high network availability. - Performance Services. GSM Network Optimisation Services provide multi-vendor optimisation of 2G and 2.5G networks based on unique modelling and data analysis tools, which utilise real measurement, report data from network users in the optimisation process. - Evolution Services. With Motorola knowledge, tools, and resources, you can conduct comprehensive planning scenarios, accurately model service mixes, and quickly create network simulations for GPRS or UMTS enhanced networks, while gracefully evolving your service offerings.†" (Motorola) In the globalise era when most of the business organisations are involved in different business activities it has become inevitable for the firms independently perform all the functions. Most of the companies do not operate their supply chain and rely on other firms to perform the multi-faceted tasks. The successful and efficient combination of the operations of these firms provides the company with the competitive edge in the market. (Cook, DeBree, and Feroleto, 2001). Lummus and Vokurka (1999) points out towards the need for the managers to understand the performance of all the stake holding firms in the supply chain. According to (Pohlen, 2003), this insight in the performance of each firm will enable the managers to develop measures in order to fulfil the demands of the customers. The main task of the supply chain management is to develop a strategy which can cater the need of the customers and is aligned with the company objectives (Pohlen, 2003). In this lieu it is important for the mangers to keep on measuring the performance

Leonardo da Vinci - the Phenomenon of the Universal Self-Taught Genius Essay

Leonardo da Vinci - the Phenomenon of the Universal Self-Taught Genius - Essay Example One of the quintessential aspects of Leonardo da Vinci’s artistic and scientific acumen was his aspiration to learn from nature, to imitate it and then to move ahead to conquer it. Indeed, Leonardo da Vinci was an exceptional personality who left his indelible mark on the ages to come.Leonardo da Vinci could indeed be called a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. Right from an early age, Leonardo had access to the scholarly texts owned by his family and friends (Clark 3). He was indeed mesmerized by the natural beauty of his homeland Tuscany that motivated and inspired him (Clark 3). He was also influenced by the painting traditions prevalent in his times. At the young age of 15, Leonardo was apprenticed to the renowned artist of Florence, Andrea del Verrocchio (Clark 5). Leonardo started exhibiting his natural aptitude for art at a very early stage of his apprenticeship at Verrocchio’s workshop (Clark 5). In the quest for better climes, Leonardo entered the s ervice of the Duke of Milan in 1482. It was during his 17-year stay in Milan that Leonardo achieved the heights of artistic and scientific achievement (Clark 37). At Milan Leonardo not only spent his time painting and sculpting but also designed machines, buildings, and weapons for the Duke (Clark 38). Sometime in 1490, Leonardo developed the habit of noting his observations in meticulously illustrated notebooks filled with varied themes like painting, architecture, mechanics and human anatomy (Clark 56). Once he left Milan, Leonardo spent the next 16 years traveling throughout Italy and working for varied masters (Clark 28). In the period 1513 to 1516, he served the Pope at Rome (Clark 163).

BMW Group Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BMW Group - Case Study Example The limited profits earned by the company were due to the "model life-cycle factors" which significantly enhanced the car sales volumes. During this period, the BMW group sold less than 350,000 automobile units, which includes BMW, Mini and Rolls-Royce. The figure of the units sold was less than 5percent against the units sold in the previous year. During the contemporary year, more than 1,200,000 units were sold in the market which is approximately 2percent greater than previous year's figure. The financial performance of the group is severely restricted by the "market conditions for the motorcycle business"; the conditions are regarded as severe and crucial for the market. The sales of the motorcycles produced by BMW have shown similar trend, during the third quarter of the running year the sales volume is almost equivalent to the sales of the previous year. The units of motorcycles sold in the market were less than 3percent of the figures sold in the previous year. The financial c risis has been responsible for the negative impact of the BMW group. In the wake of international economic crisis, the customers have practiced reluctance in procurement of the automobiles unit, "the third-quarter revenues reported by the company, decreased by 8.6 % to euro 12,588 million". During the running economic recession, the company was able to collect revenues of euro 40,425 million, which was highest than the figures of than the figures of the previous year. The variation in the foreign exchange rates was also responsible for the improvement in the revenue generation, "the BMW Group revenues for the nine-month period were up by 5.1percent". The BMW group was controlled its expenses, and residual expenses have been eliminated, "the company increased the cumulative amount of expense recognised for additional risk provision for residual value and bad debt risks to a total of euro 1,037 million". The brief financial outlook for the BMW group for the third quarter of the runnin g year is reduction in the earnings by euro 258 million, profit dropped by 60percent to euro 387 million. The pre-tax earnings of the BMW group were truncated by the external factors, "pre-tax profit stood at euro 279 million for the third quarter, the amount is 63percent lower than one year earlier, while that for the nine-month period fell to euro 1,522 million" (Citigroup, 2008). The net profit earned by the company stood at euro 298 million for the third quarter. The running economic recession has severely dampened the financial outlook of the company for the years to come (Bilgen, 2004). The business conditions are not encouraging, the market is volatile, and this has "deteriorated further for the BMW Group over the past months". The financial crisis has escalated, and there is strong possibility of this recession will cause "noticeable reduction in consumer spending in numerous markets" (Citigroup, 2008). The BMW group is yet to experience the environmental challenges; the growing understanding of the consumers about green house gases emission has developed reluctance among the customer to acquire goods which shall be detrimental for the environment. The BMW group is trapped by "significant level of volatility on the financial and commodity markets, this poses the risk of even greater uncertainty". The purchasing power of the consumer has depleted, "private consumption and consumer confidence have dipped perceptibly, particularly in the USA and Europe".

Leonardo da Vinci - the Phenomenon of the Universal Self-Taught Genius Essay

Leonardo da Vinci - the Phenomenon of the Universal Self-Taught Genius - Essay Example One of the quintessential aspects of Leonardo da Vinci’s artistic and scientific acumen was his aspiration to learn from nature, to imitate it and then to move ahead to conquer it. Indeed, Leonardo da Vinci was an exceptional personality who left his indelible mark on the ages to come.Leonardo da Vinci could indeed be called a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. Right from an early age, Leonardo had access to the scholarly texts owned by his family and friends (Clark 3). He was indeed mesmerized by the natural beauty of his homeland Tuscany that motivated and inspired him (Clark 3). He was also influenced by the painting traditions prevalent in his times. At the young age of 15, Leonardo was apprenticed to the renowned artist of Florence, Andrea del Verrocchio (Clark 5). Leonardo started exhibiting his natural aptitude for art at a very early stage of his apprenticeship at Verrocchio’s workshop (Clark 5). In the quest for better climes, Leonardo entered the s ervice of the Duke of Milan in 1482. It was during his 17-year stay in Milan that Leonardo achieved the heights of artistic and scientific achievement (Clark 37). At Milan Leonardo not only spent his time painting and sculpting but also designed machines, buildings, and weapons for the Duke (Clark 38). Sometime in 1490, Leonardo developed the habit of noting his observations in meticulously illustrated notebooks filled with varied themes like painting, architecture, mechanics and human anatomy (Clark 56). Once he left Milan, Leonardo spent the next 16 years traveling throughout Italy and working for varied masters (Clark 28). In the period 1513 to 1516, he served the Pope at Rome (Clark 163).

Why are Nigerians easily affect by HIV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why are Nigerians easily affect by HIV - Essay Example In 2005, the number escalated to 2,20,000 deaths. In Nigeria prevalence levels of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are highest among young people, especially women between the ages of 20 and 29 years. However, there are differences on a regional as well as state level basis, attributed to the marked social and ethnocultural differences at these levels. According to Deji et al (2007: 10), the prevalence â€Å"ranged from a low of 2.3% in the south west to a high of 7% in the north central regions†. At State level, the variations are wider; as in Osun and Ogun the prevalence of the disease among pregnant women was 1.2% and 1.5% respectively, as compared to 9.3% in Benue and 12% in Cross River. Projections show that by 2009, some five million Nigerians would have developed AIDs, since the disease takes up to ten years to develop fully into AIDs after the onset of infection. Surveys indicate that both urban and rural areas are affected (Sofo et al, 2003: 14). Nigeria’s government predicts that from 2007 to 2011, the adult prevalence of HIV/ AIDs will reach as high as 26% and up to 15 million people will be infected. By 2011, around 10 million Nigerians would have died from AIDs, and Nigeria would overtake South Africa as the African continent’s most AIDs-affected nation (Rotberb, 2007: 25). Before 2011, it would not be possible to stop the escalation of the disease, but an improved availability of treatment with antiretroviral drugs and better healh infrastructure, would help to increase the life span of sufferers. However, slowing the spread of HIV/ AIDs is considered to be crucial in controlling the disease. Professor Rasheed A. Bakare, an accomplished microbiologist and venereologist has stated in an interview (Annals, 2005: 48) that in Ibadan which is the capital city of Oyo State in Nigeria, Africa, the most common agents responsible for sexually

Marketing in the Wine Industry Essay Example for Free

Marketing in the Wine Industry Essay There’s more in a glass of wine than meets the eye, or the palate. Wine isn’t just for the rich and affluent anymore. Everyone can enjoy wine, whether it’s a five dollar bottle or a five hundred dollar bottle. Winemakers and wine distribution companies have come up with new and exciting way to market their wines to people of every tax bracket and all walks of life. (Manda) Marketing in the wine industry is changing. Traditionally, consumers looked to opinion leaders like Robert Parker and the Wine Spectator to find the best wines on the market. While those methods are still effective, winemakers and wine enthusiasts have discovered a new way to spread the word about particular wines. Social media has become the new, hot trend in marketing in just about every industry out there right now. And the wine industry is no exception. Corkd. com is a website for wine drinkers and enthusiasts where users can create their own wine journal, wine cellar, shopping list, and connect with online drinking buddies. This website is one way the wine industry as stepped up to the plate and utilized the opportunities of the internet in marketing. â€Å"Cork’d is your pulse on the wine world and an online playground for all things wine. By collaborating with some of the smartest wine drinkers and industry figures, Cork’d is providing you with the most comprehensive, fun and exciting wine content available. Whether you’re a winery looking for exposure or an events company looking to promote or host a tasting, Cork’d wants to talk to you. Our mission is to breakdown the stereotypes, myths and pretenses surrounding wine culture to help you discover and drink better wines. † (corkd. com) Another factor changing the wine industries marketing strategies is where consumers are buying wine. Chain stores and supermarkets have taken over wine distribution from wholesalers. Costco has become one of the largest wine retailers in the United States. According to Michael Roberto, â€Å"Theres no question that a seismic shift is occurring at the retail and wholesale level. The number of alcoholic beverage wholesalers in the U. S. has decreased by 75 percent since the 1960s. At the retail level, wine sales are increasingly shifting to supermarkets, wholesale clubs, and the like. For instance, Robert Mondavi now sells 10 percent of its wine in unit terms through Costco. These changes in the retail and distribution channels present substantial challenges for wineries, of course, because these powerful players such as Costco have much more clout and bargaining power than small liquor stores. Smaller vineyards often can find it more difficult to secure shelf space, and all wineries find themselves facing pricing pressure from the retail and distribution channels. † Even though many wineries do not like the changes and small retail shops are suffering because of this shift, many consumers are actually profiting from these changes. Winemakers have found another fun way to market their wines simply with their labels. The new â€Å"trend† in the wine business is a funky label. Traditionally, wine labels were simple and to the point. The label had the name of the vineyard, the year, and basic information about the wine in a simple fashion. Recently, winemakers have started to get creative with the names of their wines and the design of their bottles and labels. Now, when you walk down an aisle in a store filled with different wines there are many different bottles that stick out because of loud colors, wild pictures, or crazy names on the label. This is a great form of marketing to use for wine because the bottle itself is a great marketing tool. Many consumers will buy a bottle of wine just because they like how the bottle looks or maybe they are giving it as a gift and the title is something catchy that conveys some type of message that relates to the person who is receiving the wine. For example, there is a wine called â€Å"Bitch† wine. The wine itself is not bad, but its nothing to rave about. One of the main reasons that particular wine is so popular is because of the name. The label is black with pink script font with â€Å"Bitch† printed on the front, and on the back it just repeats the name of the wine over and over again. This wine is marketed to women and is a perfect gift to give a friend as a joke they can enjoy. Women have become a hot target market for wine makers. According to the 2006 Adams Wine Handbook, Men prefer beer; women prefer wine, Many women are emerging as winemakers and marketers are realizing the potential for profit in female consumers. â€Å"Women make up 52 percent of the adult population and purchase 57 percent of the wine consumed in the United States. 1 They represent a huge market with great purchasing power that until recently has been overlooked. According to experts, women are less influenced by wine ratings, as they tend to judge the entire product. Although the wine quality is important to women, so are the label design, the bottle shape and the philosophy of the winery. † (Wine Institute) While there are many new ways to market wine, the traditional methods are still widely used. Promotion in the wine industry is all about putting the name of the winery on everything from wine keys to wine bags to key chains to hats. Wine distribution companies have always been know to give out free merchandise with the name of the wines they sell everywhere. This is a great way to advertise. Consumers love to receive free things and that opens up a great opportunity for wineries to advertise with little cost. California former governor Arnold Schwarzenegger proclaimed September as â€Å"Wine Celebration Month†, also known as California Wine Month. This is another great way for wineries to get their name and wines out in the public. DiscoverCalifornaiWine. com states, â€Å"September is California Wine Month, and that makes it a fine time to enjoy a glass of California wine and a visit to wine country. September is harvest time in California and California Wine Month celebrates the state’s ideal climate for wine, beautiful wine country landscape, our talented and ingenious winemaking families, our celebrated lifestyle and cuisine; and our commitment to sustainability and the environment. † Another trend in the world of wine is sustainability and organics. Many vineyards around have become 100 percent sustainable and the numbers are growing. The new world culture is all about reducing our carbon and ecological footprint. So many wineries have actually capitalized on this idea. Wineries have begun to include their efforts at social responsibility in their advertising. Which caters to a growing market of consumers, as many people nowadays will only buy organic. Tolosa is a winery that has recently dedicated itself to sustainability and creating wine without harming the environment. One if their brochures stated that, â€Å"In August 2009 Tolosa converted to solar electrical generation. This system will provide the winery’s electrical energy for the next 25 years. CO2 emissions reduced by over 500 tons. This is equivalent to planting nearly 100 acres of trees. † Tolosa is one of the many wineries’ that has begun to capitalize on sustainability. The times have changed and so have marketing strategies of the wine industry. The wine industry is booming more than ever. Success in the wine industry is possible whether a company uses new or old marketing techniques. In this new age, the marketing department should focus on women and social media. As Tinckenell and Tincknell, a wine consulting and marketing firm, have written on the front page of their website MarketingWine. com, â€Å"If it doesnt come from the heart, the message will be hollow. If you dont imagine it first, someone else will. If it isnt inspired and creative, it wont get noticed. Each link in the marketing process the heart, the mind, and creativity communicates your story to the world. † Works Cited About Cork’d  « Corkd Content. Corkd Content. Web. 20 June 2011. http://content. corkd. com/about/. Discover California Wines : California Wine Month. Discover California Wines : Welcome to Discover California Wines. Web. 20 June 2011. http://www. discovercaliforniawine. com/learn/california-wine-month. The Changing Structure of the Global Wine Industry (2004). Michael Roberto. Salls, Manda. Marketing Wine to the World — HBS Working Knowledge. HBS Working Knowledge Faculty Research at Harvard Business School. Web. 20 June 2011. http://hbswk. hbs. edu/item/3910. html.

Introduction To Personal Development Plan Personal Development Essay

Introduction To Personal Development Plan Personal Development Essay 1. Introduction to Personal Development Plan: Personal Development Plan (PDP) refers to activities that improve self-knowledge and identity, develop talents and potential, build human capital and employability, enhance quality of life and contribute to the realization of dreams and aspirations. The concept is not limited to self-development but includes formal and informal activities for developing others as well. Finally as personal development takes place in the context of institutions, it refers to the methods, programs, tools, techniques, and assessment systems that support human development at the individual level in organizations. A personal development plan is a meticulously designed program which uses psychological tools such as the Personal Effectiveness Scale and created in order to create an understanding between a reviewer and an employee of an organization on important areas of development keeping in mind the ways in which these needs would be supported. PDPs are usually developed in companies and it acknowledges th e plan discussed between the employer and employee. 2. Purpose: In this assignment I want to create Personal Development Plan for myself through which I would try to focus on the areas where I need to work upon in order to achieve my short, medium and long-term objectives. So to start the process of developing a PDP for myself I would like to start with my introduction and my career path till date and my future objectives. I work in an Indian government financial organization as an investment consultant at the commercial investment section and my career objective would be to become the manager of companys zonal branch in next 3-4 years. My aim is to open my own financial invest farm for commercial investors in next 5-6 years. 3. Objectives: Short term To improve my performance to get better output using my strong points. Medium term To enhance my day to day working knowledge and to further improve my own ability to perform at a certain level consistently. Long term To help myself with self evaluation of my strong and weak points and build upon the ability to sustain continuous growth and keep growing. Short term To improve my performance to get better output using my strong points. Target Period 6 Months Organisational objectives Try to implement the plan and increase the amount of loans to the needed people and organisations. Learnings to suffice the above requirement To perfect and constantly evaluate my skills. Need to perform to achieve the above Need to attend courses and complete reviews by the senior management people. Support resources I might need to join a specific and planned course and which might require some money to be invested. What immediate success am I looking at To raise my performance at an exceptionally good level by the end of 1st year with the help of learnings and feedback provided on the above. Target period to accomplish the above target Though I am looking at a time frame of 6 months but would be pushing it to achieve as soon as possible. Medium term To enhance my day to day working knowledge and to further improve my own ability to perform at a certain level consistently. Target Period 6 months Objectives towards achieving organizational and departmental goals Learning and enhancing my knowledge on the subject by implementation of own PDP and bringing the knowledge on day to day performance. Facts that I need o learn Constantly evaluate self performance and find out new paths of improvement in anything and everything I require to perform. What myself need to do to achieve the above Need to attend some specific courses related to my work field and try to learn as much as possible from the experienced seniors at work and also get review on my learnings. Kind of resources I would require to support the above expected achievement Might need to join a specific and planned course and which might require some money to be invested. What will be my expected success To have a clear self understanding of what I am doing and what is my expected outcome in near future. Target period to accomplish the above target Planned time frame is 6 months but expecting to achieve by end of 4-5 months. Long term To help myself with self evaluation of my strong and weak points and build upon the ability to sustain continuous growth and keep growing. Time period 1 to 4 years Organizational and departmental objectives Implementation of my PDP and enhance my knowledge in financial domain and increase my work experience to be able to reach the managerial level of the organization with remarkable remuneration package within 2-3 years and then to open my own investment company to help small time investors in the state. What would I need to learn and apply to achieve the above To be perfect in my work keeping the process in place and keeping an eye on constant evaluation of self financial and managerial skills, work hard and climb the corporate ladder at the earliest. What will I need to do to achieve the above To attend available courses, Learn from experienced sources. Keep the performance level at an exceptional standard. Create a network of high and influential people both from inside and outside of organization. Create favorable environment in my organization. Completion of self reviews on a regular and timely basis. What kind of resources and support I would need to support the above expectation Need to be get closer with influential clients and higher management people of the organization which might involve some cost in way of entertaining them and provide them with some help in completing and meeting their demand. To create a network of powerful and influential people for myself. Target period to accomplish the above Planned time frame is 1 4 years but expecting to achieve by end of 3 years. 4. Professional Skills: To be a successful and effective manager some skills are required, which help in performing well in the job and simultaneously grow vertically in the career ladder. I have classified the roles based on various important tasks that I would expect to perform in the organization. Task-based skill This skill helps a manager to properly plan to execute complex tasks, manage projects and run an efficient operation, it also helps in planning, organizing and monitoring performance on a regular basis. It is also important to be results oriented, to be someone who constantly conveys a sense of urgency and has the perseverance to get things done under tight time pressures. This also help to be able to build resilience to bounce back following setbacks and to build the power within to not to get defeated easily and sustain in crunchy situations. Team based skill This skill helps a manager in identifying and appointing associate or model leaders to learn and develop leadership skills and qualities. This also helps to foster team spirit and setting up benchmark for performances. This is the most important factor to groom team members. This skill facilitates the presence of necessary infrastructure supports and integrating tem members. Team member based skills This skill specifically helps the manager to identify the talent among team members. This helps the manager to nurture the talent of the members in sync with the organizational goals. This is also important quality to assign and balance team members needs and the most importantly to appreciate the performance of each individual team member as and when necessary. My learnings on positive managerial and leadership skills: In my earlier employment with the Bajaj Allianz life insurance I had a chance demonstrate my managerial skill which worked in a very positive way to get my new job where I am in now. I had to suggest one of our client the best option to invest his money. To work out the best result for him, I did my research on all the available options and studied the pros and cons of all kind of investments options like investment in a market linked insurance fund, directly buying shares or debentures from stock market, investment in bonds or confirmed minimum returns on investments like fixed deposits, mutual funds etc and provided him with my suggestion which was a market linked infrastructure bond along with a health insurance. The return received by the client made him give a positive feedback about my commercial insight and which in turn helped me create goodwill for my company. This also helped me create a long term relationship with the client as well as build my network of people ensuring t hat I can always expect him to reach out to me for his future investments and in turn can use his contacts and influence to help me in future. In Bajaj Allianz, I had also been allotted the responsibility of providing training to newly joined insurance agents and the field and trainee managers who were newly inducted in the company. This was vital help and knowledge gain for me to nurture and polish my people management skill as I was responsible to train people with the product knowledge as well as the rules and regulations of the company as well as the companys position and field of operations in the market. This helped me a lot in understanding our target audience and helps them understanding the products and the company in the most efficient way as possible. This role and my performance were very instrumental to judge my leadership and management skill from the positive feedback of the trainees. 5. Personal skills: Communication Communication is one of the most important tool which needs to be used very effectively when it comes to being a manager or a leader. It can be formal or informal, work related or non work related, can be personal or impersonal, creative or factual. Thoughts or messages may be conveyed verbally, in writing or nonverbally, but it is always very important that whichever subject or whatever mode it is conveyed, it is clear to both the owner and the receiver. There are many instances where examples of each communication approach may have been successfully applied and at the same time things have gone wrong just due to the improper communication, be it at work, at home or at the most highest level of society including government communication. Written Person should be able to express himself loud and clear in written communication. Be it writing essays for school or writing an application for a job, creating his bio-data, research thesis, day to day email communications, anywhere and everywhere it is very important to be clear about what he or she is trying to convey and to be sure the person at the other end is clear about the message. Verbal As he word goes that speech out of mouth and arrow out of bow can never be returned back, so it is highly important that we choose words before any verbal communication is made. Be I formal or informal, person should be well efficient and double clear about conveying thoughts easily and getting engaged with other people. It is also to be kept in mind the mode by which message is conveyed, whether socially among friends or in a gathering or on telephone. Body Language Another most important but highly ignored way of communication is the persons self body language. Person has to have the ability to match is own body language appropriately to what he or she is trying to convey verbally. It is the presence and display of body language which supports the verbal communication heavily in every places, be it at work or at a public gathering or be it in a social function. The eye contact, gestures and postures, movement, expressions everything is highly counted when it comes to any communication to take place and to produce the desired outcome. 6. Working in team: Its very important and highly noticed by the management of any organization is that how well a manager can work with the fellow team members. Its valued at a very high level, not only in case of work but otherwise in all respect, its important to demands to have good skill to work with others and create a positive environment. The factors which are included in this skill set are as below. Co-operation A person should have the quality to be able to co-operate with all level of people in all kind of situations. Its highly important to be able to bring into effect the co-cooperativeness in both way, from the person himself and to get the same from others, which plays a big role in accomplishing any target. Not only work but any group activity like in sports, or group discussion or for that matter preparing project report, in every cases co-operation in a positive way is very important. Importance of sensitivity It is this skill which makes a person close and valuable to others. Ability to understand the need and offer help and respond is very important, regardless of age and level. A person who can reach out to anyone and display his sensibility to help others to handle situation is one of the best quality one should develop. Quality of negotiation Its important to reach at a logical end and desired outcome, but it does not happen always that you are in win win situation. In day to day activity also a person needs to be flexible enough to sometime negotiate and compromise to reach at a winning outcome. It is not always that the person or organization you are dealing with very understanding, rather it is highly common that people are reluctant to think the way you are thinking, especially when it comes to government organization and bureaucratic run departments. Leadership quality This is purely team oriented. How good a person in conveying his ideas to fellow members and provide them with a feeling that they are important for the success and most importantly motivate and encourage each individual member in all situation to give their best for the overall success is the best quality a leader can wish for. 7. Problem solving qualities To have the skill to generate ideas to solve any kind of problems and bring an end to issues and conflicts are counted as the problem solving skill of a person. Planning and organizing The ability develop a well thought plan and set the required sequence of systematic process and ideas are part of a successful result in every part of day o day to life. Planning is one thing and organizing the required requirements and executing them as per plan comes under a persons perfect organizing skill. It also comes handy when we think about simply organizing a group, party or get together or for that matter clients demonstration, a proper planning and execution through seamless organizing skill is highly important. Creativity Generating new ideas or reusing existing solutions in a new way is what it matters when it comes to handling a situation or solving a problem. Its not always that we need to come up with new approach or ideas to deal with a situation, but we should be able to use any existing methods in a better way and apply the same in a different approach depending on the kind and nature of issues. Research and analysis Doing a thorough research on the subject and gathering all sort of required informations plays a vital role to derive at a successful outcome. Not only gathering informations but then analyzing the same in respect of the situation and nature of the issue gives a chance in most of the cases that the result is expected in a positive way. 8. Self learning and improving performance Self development This talks about knowing self strength and weakness. It is the most important skill a human being needs to develop to grow and find out his ultimate goal in life. Understanding his own strength and weakness about his personal ability, educational capability and career goal is what makes a person to reach where he wants to. On personal front he or she needs to know which skill is better in him and which is the strong point he can bank upon to pursue his career. On educational front its not only the normal study what is basic, but it is the self evaluation of his progress, constant review and correction towards his targets which is very important. As per the career development, it is very important to be clear and focused towards the ultimate goal in his career. He has to be firm on his decision on what he wants to be and work constantly towards reaching that level. Leaning To be able to learn from all available situations and apply the same learnings in different contexts as and when required. Its not only books, but learning from day to day experience, from playing a game, working at home, nurturing his hobby, learning can be from anything and every situation a person come across, but what is important to find out whether we apply the same when we face any situation, thats more important. It is the transfer of our learning experience from one situation to another situation is what we need to be good at. Logical reasoning Person should have to be able to use his reasoning skill and logical thinking towards defending an argument or making a statement. A planning without any logical reasoning in place can never produce positive result. He has to foresee the effects of the planning in advance and that is only possible when he can think logically and apply the proper reasoning behind the decision taken or else it can only produce an adverse result. Self judgment One of the most important skill is to be able to judge and question his own performance. Unless a person can reflect on his own performance and find out where he stands as per his expectation and critique his sort falls, he can never revaluate and find out the reason and also the answers for the incorrect result. It is self judgment and revaluation which can work as the corrective measure and can rebuild the situation and change the failure to success. Study skill To enhance knowledge on subject from finding more and more informations from people around and relevant sources. Going through different educative materials, gathering informations from journals, available notes, collecting ideas from reference books from library, going through thesis, finding documents available on net there are so many ways of increase your study skill and enhance self-knowledge on the subject which will only make you stronger and firm while talking on the subject or when taking decisions. 9. Audit on self assessment: Questionnaire Now to find where I stand as per my target achievement and planning and evaluate my progress, I need to create a set of questionnaire and mark myself depending on the options of answers. I need to find out what is my score on each question there can be four options Answers Marks 1. Strongly Disagree 1 2. Tend to disagree 2 3. Tend to agree 3 4. Strongly agree 4 Communication Reading skill Questions Marks Am I good enough in reading both study materials and others Am I good enough in finding information from different sources Am I well versed with finding informations from electronic media Am I capable enough to go through and understand the materials after reading Can I create documents from the above informations when I work on assignments or projects Am I able to read texts or documents and summarize the gist of what the author had tried to convey __________________ Total Marks Obtained 22 (4+4+4+4+3+3) Communication Writing skill Questions Marks Am I good enough in writing both study related or normal communication Am I good enough in expressing my ideas and views Do I plan and develop ideas in mind before penning it down How good am I when it come to grammar or spelling Am I capable enough to create documents as per specifications of department or course or the institution standard Am I good enough to create notes from a lecture or group discussions or a presentation or any demonstration __________________ Total Marks Obtained 21 (4+3+4+4+3+2) Communication Verbal Questions Marks Am I clear when I engage myself in any verbal communication Am I good enough in conveying and explaining concepts or ideas to group of people Am I good enough in giving a presentation using slides, graphs, charts, diagrams Do I listen carefully to others and try to understand their point of views Can I always come to a logical conclusions keeping both my own and others views Am I good enough in getting involvement of people when I discuss or convey or present _____________________ Total Marks Obtained 18 (4+2+2+4+3+3) Team Work Questions Marks Am I a good team member Am I clear in understanding the target goal and achievement of the team Do I agree and work towards achieving the teams target Am I sensitive enough about each fellow team members roles in achieving success Am I good enough in monitoring the teams progress and efforts and bring forward challenges faced by the team towards achieving target Given a chance would I be able to lead a team _____________________ Total Marks Obtained 21 (4+4+4+4+3+2) Problem Solving Questions Marks Am I skilled enough to break down a big task in small executable part Do I look for help when I cannot get through the problem rather than wasting time Do I enjoy the challenge in solving problems and feel happy at the end Do I plan and do a brainstorm session involving the team members as and when necessary before getting started Do I foresee the possible outcome before I carry the task out Am I flexible and capable enough to look for alternate solutions depending on situations and progress rate _____________________ Total Marks Obtained 21 (3+4+4+3+3+4) Self learnings and personal effectiveness Questions Marks Am I organized at my work and organize my tasks in order to meet target and deadlines Do I constantly evaluate self progress towards meeting the target Am I clear about my strength and weakness about planning and meeting targets on time Am I capable enough to find help and support to complete assigned tasks Am I clear about my future targets about my career Do I discuss my thoughts with people around _____________________ Total Marks Obtained 21 (4+3+4+4+4+2) Grand Total 124 Deriving at my strength and weakness based on the above self assessment audit: Strengths From above audit I can see that my strengths are good communication skill, being a good team member, inclination towards solving problem etc I would always try to use these strong points very effectively to manage work and towards achieving my objectives in career. Weaknesses I can see my weaknesses in the fields of creating documents, making presentation, lack of confidence in leading a team and being little introvert. I would definitely work towards fixing these issues at the earliest with the help of my strength. 10. Result Evaluation: The result is not quite surprising to me as I knew some of my weaknesses. Though I am always a good team member and my communications are good but I am not good in making presentations and creating documents. I also lack in taking quick decisions sometime. But to me, the bigger issue seems like my lack of confidence in leading people. I am little introvert and not very vocal which might have led to me being less confident. 11. Action Plan: Development Area: Presentation Skills / Leadership Quality / Decision Making The plan is to conduct mock sessions and practice as much as possible. This would prevent me from any kind fear in me when presenting real-time. After all, presenting a piece of information in a compelling manner is vital to a manager and there is gets all the more necessary to get groomed on the presentation skills. Also I hope these training sessions will let me gain the confidence to present in front of crowd or a business group. I would join some short courses, attend seminars and workshops on effective leadership quality development, though I am always a good team player but I need to gain the confidence and quality of leading a team as well. I also would work with some senior level management people who are at decision making authority level to find out more on the skill and try to improve upon. 12. Conclusion: From my self prepared PDP, I am quite confident that I am on the right path and also confident that I can overcome the weaknesses I have in some specific fields with help from internal and external sources and also would try to use my strong points to dominate over my weaknesses. I want t be on the right track and would want to see myself as a role model for people who wants to succeed in financial sector and want to reach to the managerial level and start his own entrepreneurship.

Pyramids Of Egypt :: essays research papers

The Pyramids of Egypt   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pyramids of Egypt are fascinating, however, they remain to be a mystery. The well-built architecture is located in Giza, Egypt, on the west bank of the Nile River. The pyramids of Egypt are the oldest and only surviving member of ancient wonders. It is also the pride and one of the most important factors in Egyptian culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the precise age of the pyramids has long been debated, and there is little evidence to prove when the pyramids were built, some assume that they were built from about 2700 to 2500 BC. Another issue that has been long debated is who exactly built the pyramids. Some researchers find it hard to believe that the pyramids could have been built in one pharaoh’s lifetime. Herodotus is the earliest known historian of the Egyptian Pyramid Age. By his accounts, and estimated guess, more than 100,000 people worked on the pyramid; other researchers believe that it was more like 20,000 people who worked on the pyramid. Now they have to try and figure out where these 20,000 people lived. They would like to know where they lived because the researchers think that it will help them find out more about these people, where they are from, and their daily lives. Inscriptions were found on the outside of the pyramids that give an idea of what people worked on them, but the inscriptions were in no absolute detail. Skeletons that were found on the inside of the pyramid are believed to be the skeletons of workers who labored on the pyramids all year long.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of all the pyramids of Egypt, the first three are held in the highest regards. This is known as the Great Pyramid. It was built for the Pharaoh Khufu. The Great Pyramid is about 450 feet tall and covers about 13 acres. The subject of this pyramid was to honor the pharaoh and show him some respect. It took about 100,000 workers and 20 years to build the pyramid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is believed that the shape of the pyramid was an important religious statement. Some scholars believe that this is true while others still debate the possibilities. We can assume that the Egyptians were trying to symbolize the slanting rays of the sun. It is also believed that the sloping sides on the pyramid were intended to help the soul of the king climb to the sky and join the gods.

Modern technology is a bane Essay

INTRODUCTION Rationale Modern technology has increased influence in contemporary society. It seems to be contributed many social opportunities. Understanding and taking advantage from technology is the main aspect in contemporary world which is approachable society. The research question about modern technology is seemed to advantage for study and analysis because technology is the most importance in society. Throughout two years experience in Industrial Engineering field, most of mass production process in domestic and foreign countries have concerned with technology that it probably seems to replace social responsibility. Convenience and constant performance can be produced by modern technology. Profound foundation of technology is main propose in prospect of study for master of information and communication technology and master of computer science, therefore more experiences and argument researches can certainly advantage to establish potential basis of study. The analysis of the research topic The purpose of research questions, â€Å"Modern technology is a bane not a boon. Do you agree?† is to analyze and argue the disadvantage or the advantage of modern technology which is regarded as a bane or a boon. In the research topic question has two aspects of discussion about modern technology is a bane not a boon or modern technology is a boon not a bane. Bane of modern technology can attribute to social problems that have increased unemployment problem, social stress levels and destruction of natural ecology. There is more conclusive evidence of social problems that has contribute by disadvantage of modern technology; for example, machine replacement in factory, increased unemployment rate after terrorist attack, increased social stress level, pollution by modern technology, extinct of natural resources and forest area and hazardous waste in nature. Although it cannot be denied that modern technology has contributed to advantage, it should also be seen that modern technology has negatively affected social degeneration. Modern technology is a bane. The diagram in this below shows  structure of the analysis of research question. DATA COLLECTION The research method The research has completed in four steps. First of all, chosen research question, answer of the research question was required by exploit background and information from pass experience and analysis of key concept. In the second step, secondary source from research book and current journal article was analyzed and evaluated for selection to confirm main idea. The information and objectivity from author, which has encouraged an argument must be related and specified with question propose. Accordingly, it should confirm argument by provided strong and reasonable evidence to supporting research answer. The third step, review and revise of verbal structure and logical concept have done by reviewer in the draft of research. Although the research was based on personal observations or expert opinions, background and pass experience about argument in research answer is significance. The forth step was rewritten and improved the research by add more evidence to compose strongly research. Therefore more evidence has provided from current journal article in many way, such as newspaper or internet to modernized information. However, the research was completed in four steps, but analysis of argument research and technology foundation is required for improvement. Annotated bibliography Brown, A. (2001). Sometimes the luddites are right. The Futurist, 35(5), 38-41 This article identifies a disciplinary negative consequence of technological development behind the problematic of society. This article discusses about an argument that concerns with problem from new technology in 21st century. The main point of this article adequately presents the effects of modern technology based on contemporary problem. This article is written for the researchers who are studying in computer or technology education. DeLisle, J. R. (2002). Real estate and the capital market: A special look at the impact of terrorism. The appraisal Journal, 70(1), 10-20 This article attempts to show an economic downturn problem in United States of America in 2002. The prolonged economic crisis is caused from violent crime by terrorist attack on September 11th 2001. This article shows a content that concerns with an economic problem, which affects economic market in United States of America. The main point of this article adequately presents the information of economic crisis based on contemporary problem. This article is written for the researchers who are interesting in area of global crisis in the view of economics study. Foltz, B. V. (1995). The Technological Domination of Nature: Nature as inventory. In B. V. Foltz, Inhabiting the earth: Heidegger, environmental ethics, and the metaphysics of nature (pp.84-109). New Jersey: Humanities Press International, Inc.. This chapter discusses and clarifies the question of relationship between natural environment and policy of the future. The detail in this chapter can be presented as an attempt to clarify that possibility by explanation in details of how influential philosophers to rightly inhabit in the earth. The question how technology dominates on nature as inventory is described in this chapter. The significance of overwhelmingly disastrous consequence is emphasized in this chapter. This chapter is written for the researchers who are undertaking in area of natural environment philosophy. Hwang, S. (1999). Ecological panopticism; the problematization of the ecological crisis. College literature, 26(1), 137-149. This article attempts to identify a disciplinary apparatus behind the problem of ecological crisis. The detail in this chapter discusses about an argument that concerns with an ecological problem, which has been a problematic crisis. The main point of this article adequately presents the effects of ecological crisis based on contemporary technology. This article is written for the researchers who are undertaking in area of ecological sciences. Segal, H. P. (1994). Kurt Vonnegut’s Player Piano: Ambiguous Technological Dystopia. In H. P. Segal, Future imperfect: the mixed blessings of technology in America (pp.126-146). United State of America: The University of Messachusetts Press. This chapter describes the technology imperative lies, which is debated over technology and progress, at contemporary. It identifies the affect of technology in term of contemporary crisis from the historical problem based on American society and culture. This chapter uses case studies to analyze and illuminate a relation of today’s technology based on American history, especially in Maine. This chapter is written for researchers who are studying in unadulterated technological progress. Weil, M. M. & Rosen, L. D. (1997). How TechnoStressed Are You?. In M. M. Weil & L. D. Rosen, TechnoStress: coping with technology @ work @ home @ play (pp.1-26). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. This chapter describes how technology stresses people. It presents about increased stress levels in contemporary society which has caused by technology. The focus point of this chapter shows relationship between development of technology on frustration feeling and annoyance feeling which has contributed to stress levels. This chapter is written for researchers who are undertaking in area of psychological sciences or development of technological science. The critical review During the past three decades, the ecological crisis has been problematic basis to society. Modern technology has constructed ecology crisis. Sung UK Hwang, in a 1999, attempts to identify a disciplinary apparatus behide the problematic ecological crisis. Hwang, a PhD in political science at the University of Connecticut, disserting on â€Å"Green Capitalism: A Dangerous Liaison†, focuses on personalized responsibility and provides a case of global management to treat ecologic problem. Therefore, sustainable  refinement of ecological crisis is complicated and seemed to be ideology. However this article is thought-provoking enhancement of natural ecology in contemporary society. This article can be advanced for natural research study for understanding contemporary ecology crisis. Disciplinary apparatus behide the ecological crisis is imperative proclamation in contemporary society. Ecological crisis can be defined as a natural degrading phenomenon, such as global warming, ozone depletion, resource exhaustion, and toxic pollution. An additional a disciplinary apparatus, Hwang has defined as an acceleration of ecology crisis that can analyze within three factors. The first is an increased population that can be impacted to ecological sources, the second is exhausted natural resources by consumption of technology, and the third is natural resources exploitation that is used for supporting economics. Thus, this article has presented detail of each mention as a key term of cause-effect in ecological crisis. However, it seems that the most important apparatus in this article is exhausted natural resources by technology because technology seems to be increased influence in contemporary society. On the other hand, it should be recognized negative affect of technology through ecology crisis. Among a disciplinary apparatus of ecological crisis in this analysis, perhaps the most interesting is the consistency which Hwang suggests between ecological degeneration from development of modern technology and increasing population in society. Indeed, it seems to be that an ecological crisis might be depended on increased population growth rate because more consumption demands of population are accelerated exhaust of natural resources and technology is as an apparatus for increased exhaust rate. An additional making this important relation, Hwang analyzes a greenism behavior that is claimed environmentalist and ecologist to study relationship between modern technology and the population rate in West Chester. However, Hwang’s view on each element of the ecological crisis has based on the claim that ecological crisis requires the supporting scientific evidence of advanced technology which is major cause of the ecology crisis but this  evidence is used a less of statistic database to support. This claim is reasonable, although it seems to be unprovable evidence. Because of many information from secondary sources shows that technology has increased ecology crisis in contemporary society. Hwang also suggests that the reason why affectation from modern technology must be proclaimed that is inseparability in ecological crisis because of it is unnoticed fact of ecological debacle. Without further documentation, this concept is hard to accept because it is unprovable claim. Moreover, Hwang calls upon research experience in a firm he founded on database from Intel Corporation, which is presented about hazardous waste from its product. However, more questions need to be made available by Hwang to prove and support the evidence so strong, such as How can modern technology make ecological disaster? Perhaps the fault in Hwang’s reasoning is his claim that technology itself is a major cause for ecology crisis. This claim is probably incorrect because ecology crisis maybe not only occur from technology but also it causes by the user who apply or implement technology. Even though modern technology can be validated a warning of ecological crisis, society should determine about the affect through the natural destruction. It seems that, in general, his research is more appropriate for the victim who receives more effect on the disaster crisis that has to deal with contemporary technology. Because technology can cause social problem through ecology crisis and unrecognized of disadvantaged technology is increased trouble in society. Finally from Hwang’s research, the conclusion of ecological crisis is caused from many factors and it is early imperative subject for society. One factor of ecological crisis is from modern technology because technology can be exhausted many natural resources that is caused about destruction of natural ecology and environment crisis. It is probably suitable way for contemporary society to utilize technology in only positive way not in the negative way by conserved natural resources because technology can extinct all of natural resources easier. The analysis of research The research was limited by the time limitation. Argument writing and evidence source is caused of trouble. According to the question of research must be related by pass experience and current information that can initiate time limitation. Research source and collected information was limited progress of the research because of un-updated information or unrelated research source and indistinguishable propose of author. An additional limitation, ambiguity of the research topic and aspect of research question can attributed to limited research. Consistent with research question should be specified or focused on the advantage or disadvantage of technology, such as computer or communication technology. Other possible factors that limit the research is deficiency of background in pass experience, but it can solve by searched secondary source form library or modernized information. Thus, although topical question has limited the research, the research can be improved foundation of technology and argument writing. The suggestions for future study If this topic area was chosen again, same kind of research question in technology field would be selected. Throughout pass experience and current global situation can construct proficient foundation about modern technology. Contemporary world has many kinds of resource to develop basis of technology knowledge; for instance, newspaper and internet is the modernized information to supply comprehensive demand. Consequently analysis of research topic area can implement with that kinds of modernized information. Moreover the possible areas that should be taken into consideration for any similar research in future maybe scope in politics about immigration from underdeveloped country or contemporary psychological problem because these problems have increased negative effect on many countries in the world. Based on pass experience and current opinion, it is different idea to evaluate consequence of technology throughout social problems; however technology should be regarded to utilize in only the positive way not in the negative way.